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īecker P (2018) Dependence, trust, and influence of external actors on municipal urban flood risk mitigation: the case of Lomma Municipality, Sweden. Īkhter MS, Hewa GA (2016) The Use of PCSWMM for Assessing the Impacts of Land Use Changes on Hydrological Responses and Performance of WSUD in Managing the Impacts at Myponga Catchment, South Australia. This study demonstrates the novelty of combining the source tracking method and highlights the spatial connectivity between flood source areas and flood hazard areas.Īhiablame L, Shakya R (2016) Modeling flood reduction effects of low impact development at a watershed scale. The simulation–optimization framework was applied to Haikou City, China, wherein the results indicated that LID measures in a spatial arrangement based on the source tracking method are a robust and resilient solution to flood mitigation. Furthermore, to quantitatively evaluate the impact of inundation volume transport between catchments on the effectiveness of LID measures, a regional relevance index ( RI) was proposed to analyze the spatial connectivity between different regions. The results of this study emphasized the importance of flood source control. Finally, the resiliency and sustainability of different LID scenarios were evaluated using several different storm events in order to provide suggestions for flooding prediction and the decision-making process. Next, based on source tracking data, the LID investment in each catchment was determined using the inundation volume contribution ratio of the flood source area (where most of the investment is required) to the flood hazard area (where most of the flooding occurs). The proposed framework begins by applying a numerical model to simulate hydrological and hydrodynamic processes during a storm event, and the urban flood model coupled with the source tracking method was then used to identify the flood source areas. Therefore, this study developed an exploratory simulation–optimization framework for the spatial arrangement of LID measures. Low impact development (LID) measures are a storm management technique designed for controlling runoff in urban areas, which is critical for solving urban flood hazard. On page 6, this gives a pretty good explanation of a few different ways of calculating the slope of a river.Urban areas are vulnerable to flooding as a result of climate change and rapid urbanization and thus flood losses are becoming increasingly severe. Something like the 33-66 slope seems like it would give a good fit to a random curve, but based on the distribution of slopes seen in the world, 10-85 works better for rivers. If you consider the 10-85 slope you get a better prediction of how fast the water actually flows. (It's difficult to explain why without a picture, but the speed of the water is partly determined by how far it has fallen (the kinetic energy is determined by the drop in potential energy and the friction).)
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If you try to calculate the flow of the river by just considering 0-100 slope you end up predicting that the water will flow slower than it actually does.
![pcswmm longest flowpath pcswmm longest flowpath](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/LRvtDaDToh4/maxresdefault.jpg)
In many cases the a river has a steeper slope up in the hills and a shallower slope in the valleys, so the river will be below the line of the 0-100 slope. The obvious way to calculate the slope of a river is to consider the height at the start and the height at the end (which I'll call the 0-100 slope).